在中学英语学科教学中,教学行为问题就是弄清楚怎么教的问题。老师们的教学可采取许多教学行为方式,如让学生自主学习,组织学生合作学习,或引导他们探究学习,也就是“六要素”教学中的主动、互动与能动。以下将探讨中学英语学科中主动、互动、能动的含义及它们的行为设计。
一、中学英语学科的主动、互动、能动的含义
主动、互动与能动是教学思维变为教学现实必不可少的教学行为。只有准确理解它们的含义才能使教学行为得以正确实施,否则教学活动就无法有效进行。
1.主动的含义
英语新课程倡导自主学习的理念,也就是指学生积极主动地学习,而不是消极被动地学习。“主动”一词《现代汉语词典》的解释为:“不待外力推动而行动(跟被动相对)”,是内在动力的外在表现。“主动性”是指个体根据一定的目的,在主体意识的积极支配下探索的活动。所谓“主动性学习”就是指学生在教师的科学指导下,通过能动的、创造性的学习活动,实现自主发展。“普通高中英语课程标准”在第四部分“实施建议”中也提出要“加强对学生学习策略的指导,帮助他们形成自主学习能力。同时也指出:教师要引导学生主动学习,帮助他们形成以能力发展为目的的学习方式,鼓励学生通过体验、实践、讨论、合作和探究等方式,发展听、说、读、写的综合语言技能。要为学生独立学习留有空间和时间,使学生有机会通过联想、推理和归纳等思维活动用英语分析问题和解决问题,获得经验,增强自信,提高能力。”
2.互动的含义
互动概念的使用涉及越来越多的领域,按照《现代汉语词典》上的解释,互动就是相互作用,相互影响,教学中的互动就是采用互动并依赖于对话,创造有利于学生发展的环境的教学形式,即在教学中,教师、学生、环境之间产生多向或多维交流,不单是形式上的互动,也不单是依赖语言的互动等,课堂教学中的“互动”,是新课程提倡的学习方法之一,是“六要素”教学方式中的重要因素。也是英语新课程标准中提倡的重要教学方式,学生英语听、说、读、写综合能力的提高均需通过师生互动、生生互动等教学方式方能达成。
3.能动的含义
能动指的是新课程倡导的探究性学习方式,所谓能动,根据《现代汉语词典》的解释,指自觉努力、积极活动的意思;根据“百度百科”的解释,指的是自觉主动,具有自主反向作用的意义。而教育教学探讨的能动性学习,是指个人对自己的学习过程能够掌握、控制、支配、监督和评价,是由学生自主地发现问题、探索问题、获得结论的学习行为和认知趋向。
二、中学英语学科的主动、互动、能动行为的设计
教学思维要靠教学行为去实现,而主动、互动和能动是中学英语课堂教学中最主要的教学行为,那么在教学中如何具体落实这些行为呢?以下将结合具体案例谈教学行为的设计与实施。
(一)中学英语学科的主动行为设计
中学英语课堂上,学生的主动学习具体表现在:1.根据话题,主动查阅相关背景资料,查阅话题下相关词汇、惯用语的用法,做好充分的预习;2.在学习过程中能够提出问题、思考问题并积极与同学、教师沟通交流;3.在学习活动结束后对学习结果进行自我检查、自我总结和反思。从“要我学”到“我要学”,这就是主动学习了。
1.根据话题,主动查阅相关背景资料,查阅话题下相关词汇、惯用语的用法,做好充分的预习
中学英语教材是根据课程标准中的话题编写并以单元或模块形式呈现,教师可根据将要学习的话题,提供给学生要预习的词汇、惯用语及相关句子、篇章。
例1 主动行为之预习设计
课题 八年级Unit 4 Reading B How can we deal with bullying?
一、学前准备:同学们本节课我们将要学习一篇文章:How can we deal with bullying?
为了更好地理解课文,让我们一起阅读一篇小文章吧!请同学们仔细阅读文章并根据题目要求从A,B,C三个选项中选出一个最佳选项。
A bully is a person who enjoys hurting other people.A bully can hurt people with words or by hitting them.85% of children in the UK have been bullied(欺侮)at least once.How can I tell if a person is a bully?He or she will…
· Try to find your weak point-perhaps you are shy,nervous or easily made worried.
· Make fun of(取笑)you in front of your friends.
· Borrow money then won’t pay you back.
What can I do if a bully bothers(骚扰)me?
· Tell the bully to leave you alone.
· Do not be afraid to ask other people for help,even though the bully tells you not to.
· Do not feel ashamed(羞愧)because you have been bullied.You have done nothing wrong!The bully should feel ashamed.
· Do not believe the bad things a bully says about you.
What should I do if I see a bully bothering someone?
· Help people who are being bullied,even though you don’t know them.
· Be a friend to people who are bullied.
· Tell a teacher if you see bullying.
· Tell bullies to stop.Sometimes bullies are afraid,too.
Why do some people become bullies?
Some bullies…
· Have never learnt to think about other people’s feelings.
· Don’t like themselves,so they are sad.They think they will be happy if they make another person sad.
· Have been bullied themselves by other bullies.
Can bullies change?
Yes!Bullies can change when they learn to think about other people’s feelings.
Sometimes bullies must be punished(惩罚)before they understand.Sometimes,bullies just need friends.
(
)1.A bully often________.
A.makes people think about themselves
B.borrows money but doesn’t return
C.helps people when they are in trouble
D.thinks about other people’s feelings
(
)2.If you see a bully bothering your friends,you should________.
A.leave them alone
B.help them stop the bully
C.make them ashamed
D.tell them they are wrong
(
)3.Which of the following is true?________
A.Bullies say bad words to people.
B.Bullies like themselves very much.
C.Bullies make people around them happy.
D.Bullies must always be punished.
(
)4.The passage tells us something about bullies by ________ questions.
A.three
B.four
C.five
D.six
二、自学引导
词语自学:(1)请你查阅字典,根据要求弄清楚下列单词的用法!查字典能很好地提升我们的自学能力哦!
表3.3.1
(2)请大家结合所给句子的语境,试着写出阴影部分单词的中文意思。
① Under his father’s guidance,he learned how to swim. ______________
② They completely ignore these facts as if they never existed. ___________
③ You can use it as evidence to prove that he is a thief. ________________
④ You must protect yourself well or they will continue to bully you. _________
2.根据教学内容、问题、情境主动学习
在教学内容中,教师应经常提供一些学生能主动学习、探究的材料及问题,让学生在主动学习中培养能力。
例2 主动行为之课中设计
课题 七下unit2 grammar
一、观察与思考
★Task 2:Observe the sentences and answer the question:“How can we use imperatives correctly?”
Turn left!
Don’t smoke!
Go downstairs,please.
Let’s keep our face with a smile always!
Be quiet,please!
Don’t be late for class.
从结构上讲,祈使句中一般没有__________,但根据其句意,实际上是省略了__________。
祈使句句末用__________或句号。
祈使句有肯定式和__________。我们在肯定句中使用动词的__________开头。
在否定句中,我们在动词的原型前面加__________。
Please可放在句头也可放__________。
★Task 3:Observe the sentences above again and pay special attention to No.4 and No.5 sentences and answer the question:“What is the sentence structure of the two sentences?”
Be quiet,please!Don’t be late for class.
Let’s keep our face with a smile always!
如我们需要用形容词(adj.)做祈使句,就要在形容词前加________;否定句则在be 前加________。
Let’s+动词________;否定式是Let’s +not +动词________。
Eg.Let’s go home together./ Let’s not talk in the class.
(评析 在此教学环节中,学生在老师引导下,主动观察句子并发现其中的语言规律。)
3.学习后的主动学习
主动学习在课后的表现主要体现在对知识的查缺补漏和拓展创新方面,教师可通过练习、作业、反馈等的运用让学生在课后主动评价自己在课堂上的学习。
例3 主动行为之课后设计
作业:
1.图中为三个情境,分别是in class,on the road,in the dining-room,请用4个祈使句分别为它们设计班规、交通规则及排队规则。你可使用以下提示词.
表3.3.2
2.主动复习课本P94~96所讲语法内容。
(评析 在这个作业布置环节,充分体现了学生的主体作用,学生自主设计班规、交通规则等)
(二)中学英语学科中的互动行为设计
互动是一种最基本、最普通的教学现象,在中学英语课堂上存在大量的语言互动与非语言互动现象,其中以师生互动、生生互动以及师生与周边环境的互动为教学中最常见的互动形式。
1.师生互动 所谓师生互动是指学生与教师在课堂教学中为了达到一定目标,相互影响的过程,如高一Module 2 Unit 2一课某位教师是这样开展师生互动的:
例4
话题 Unit 2 The Olympic Games
Step 2 Pre-reading
T:How much do you know about the Olympic Games?Test your knowledge with this quiz.
T:1.When and where did the ancient Olympic Games start?
A.776BC;in Greece
B.776AD;in Greece
S:The ancient Olympic Games start in 776BC in Greece.I am not sure.
T:Who can teel him the correct answer?
S:…
2.T:What events were there in the ancient Olympic Games?You have several choices here.
A.Running,jumping,shooting,throwing,wrestling,
B.Table tennis,jumping,volleyball,swimming
S:Running,jumping,shooting,throwing and wrestling were in the ancient Olympic Games.
T:Right.You gave us a correct answer.
3.T:When did the ancient Olympic Games stop?
A.393 AD
B.398AD
S:Sorry,I don’t know.
T:Who can tell him?…
4.T:When and where did the modern Olympics start?
A.In 1896;in AthensB.In 1896;in America
S:The modern Olympic Games start in 1896 in Athens.
T:That’s right.
T:5.How many competitors from how many country competed in 1896?
A.There were 311 competitors from 13 countries.
B.There were 1131 competitors from 113 countries.
S:Can I choose A?
T:That’s right.But you’d better use a complete sentence.
T:6.Who was China’s first gold medal winner and for what event?
A.Xu Haifeng;shooting
B.Xu Haifeng;table tennis
S:Xu Haifeng was China’s first gold medal winner for shooting.
T:That’s very good.You gave us an excellent reply.
T:7.How many competitors from how many country take part in the 27th Summer Olympics in Sydney?
A.Over 10000 athletes;119 countries
B.Over 10000 athletes;184 countries
S:…
2.生生互动 所谓生生互动是指学生间为了达到一定的目标而相互作用、相互影响。生生互动包括学生间的相互讨论、相互评价、相互反馈等各方面。
例5 如高一Module 2 Unit 2一课某位教师是这样组织生生互动的:
Step 5 Discussion 1
1.What upsets Pausanias about modern Winter Olympic Games?
2.What amazes Pausanias about the modern Summer Olympic Games?
3.Why does Pausanias think Athens,Greece and Beijing,China should feel proud?
4.Why does Pausanias think people may be competing for money in the modern Olympic Games?
5.What makes Pausanias happy about the modern Olympic Games?
(评析 在这个环节,教师将学生分成五个组,并给他们8分钟的互相讨论时间,8分钟后,组别间开展竞赛,看哪个组答得又快又好。)
Step 6 Discussion 2
What can we do for the 2008 Olympics?
1.Encourage ourselves and other Chinese to plant more trees and grass.
2.Have good manners in public so as to leave a good impression on foreigners.
3.Have a good knowledge of English and encourage the public speak English widely.
4.Be Volunteers to be guides for foreigners.
5.Learn the spirit of the Olympic Games and regard its motto as life and study motto.
(评析 在这个环节,依然是分五个组活动,组内做好分工,组内成员间热烈互动,然后选一个组,让组内成员依次汇报。)
3.师生与周边环境的互动 包括生机互动与周围环境的互动两种类型,而在中学英语教学中生机互动较为普遍,特别是应用于英语口语教学与测试中的生机互动。
例6
一、朗读生机互动
机器:给你50秒准备朗读。当听到“开始录音”的信号后,立即在80秒内朗读短文一遍,当听到要求“停止录音”的信号时,应立即终止朗读。
(操作说明:学生朗读的准备时间为50秒,录音时间为80秒。当80秒过后,电脑播出录音中止信号,屏幕即显示第二大题的题目)
学生:Many people love TV.It makes them happy and tells them all the latest news.But some people are crazy about TV.They can’t live without it!These people are called“couch people”.
……
二、情境对话
1.机器:请根据所提供的情境作出回应,每个情境播放两遍。当听到“开始录音”的信号后,请在15秒内作出回应。当听到要求“停止录音”的信号时,应立即终止回答。
机器:I know you bought a new bicycle.What colour is it?
学生:Red and black.
2.……
(三)中学英语学科中的能动行为设计
《普通高中英语课程标准》在第四部分“实施建议”中提出要加强对学生学习策略的指导,帮助他们形成自主学习能力。同时也指出:教师要引导学生主动学习,帮助他们形成以能力发展为目的的学习方式,鼓励学生通过体验、实践、讨论、合作和探究等方式,发展听、说、读、写的综合语言技能。要为学生独立学习留有空间和时间,使学生有机会通过联想、推理和归纳等思维活动用英语分析问题和解决问题,获得经验,增强自信,提高能力。
以启发学生研究为主的能动性学习以其主体性、实践性、过程性及开放性的特点体现在课堂教学中。在平时的课堂教学中,主要有以下几种:
1.问题提出式活动;2.知识发现式活动;3.探究式活动。
1.问题提出式活动
例7 课题:七下Unit 2 grammar
Task 2:Observe the sentences and answer the question:“How can we use imperatives correctly?”
Task 3:Observe the sentences above again and pay special attention to No.4 and No.5 sentences and answer the question:“What is the sentence structure of the two sentences?”
(评析 教师在此环节引导学生观察句子并通过问题:How can we use imperatives correctly What is the sentence structure of the two sentences?引导学生总结、归纳)
2.知识发现式活动
例8 课题:七下unit2 grammar
★Task 2:Observe the sentences and answer the question:“How can we use imperatives correctly?”
Turn left!
Don’t smoke!
Go downstairs,please!
Let’s keep our face with a smile always!
Be quiet,please!
Don’t be late for class.
从结构上讲,祈使句中一般没有________,但根据其句意,实际上是省略了________。
祈使句句末用________或句号。
祈使句有肯定式和________。我们在肯定句中使用动词的________开头。
在否定句中,我们在动词的原型前面加________。
Please可放在句头也可放________。
(此活动选自七下unit2语法课中的一个片段,通过让学生观察语言现象,然后自主发现规律,此做法在语法课中使用较多)
3.探究式活动 在中学英语课堂教学中,探究式活动可用于各种技能训练课中,特别是语法技能课。如教师将学生分成小组,让学生运用英语完成一个具体任务,例如:找出两幅图画或两篇文章的不同点和相同点,重新给句子或图片排序,提供方位或根据方位指示找到某个位置;分析问题和解决问题等。
例9
课题 Module 6 Unit 3 A healthy life
Brainstorm:When talking about smoking,what will you think of?
图3.3.1
(评析 在Module 6 Unit 3 A healthy life的教学中,教师通过组织学生进行头脑风暴活动,让学生在小组中独立完成以上探究任务:What suggestions can you give on how to quit smoking?学生通过搜索资料、自己的背景知识,研究讨论,然后给出合理的答案)