第一章 我们一直误解了脂肪

关于维伦多夫的维纳斯的内容,参考了以下文献:ANTL-WEISER W. The anthropomorphic figurines from Willendorf [J]. Wissenschaftliche Mitteilungen Nieder?sterreichisches Landesmuseum(2008),19: 19-30.

关于体重超重认知史的简要回顾,参考了以下文献:EKNOYAN G. A history of obesity, or how what was good became ugly and then bad [J].Advances in chronic kidney disease(2006),13: 421-427.

关于体重超重原因的发现,详见:BRAY G. Obesity: Historical development of scientific and cultural ideas [J]. International Journal of Obesity(1990),14(11):909-926.

我们从以下文献中获取了有关第二次农业革命的信息:FOGEL R W. The escape from hunger and premature death, 1700–2100 [M].Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.

关于脂肪细胞的发现以及其他关于脂肪的重要发现,可以参考以下这篇综述:LAFONTAN M. Historical perspectives in fat cell biology: the fat cell as a model for the investigation of hormonal and metabolic pathways [J].American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology(2011),302: C327-C359.

第二章 脂肪比你想象的更重要

关于脂肪、糖类和蛋白质代谢的细致描述,参考了下列书目的第四十六章:LEVY M. Physiology fourth edition [M]. Mosby: Philadelphia,2006.

关于脂肪细胞的工作原理以及脂肪在胚胎期的发育过程,参考了以下综述:SYMONDS M E, POPE M, SHARKEY D, et al. Adipose tissue and fetal programming [J]. Diabetologia(2012),55: 1597-1606.

关于脂肪代谢障碍的完整概述,可以参考以下文献:JAZET I M, JONKER J T, WIJNGAARDEN M A, et al. Therapy resistant diabetes mellitus and lipodystrophy: leptin therapy leads to improvement [J]. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde(2013),157(4):A5482.

关于果糖和葡萄糖对肝脏的各种影响,可以参考以下研究:JENSEN T,ABDELMALEK M F, SULLIVAN S, et al. Fructose and sugar: a major mediator of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease [J]. Journal of Hepatology(2018),68: 1063-1075.

你想更深入地了解低脂饮食与低碳水化合物饮食会对身体产生怎样的影响吗?请参考下述文章:

GARDNER C D,TREPANOWSKI J F, GOBBO L D, et al. Efect of low-fat vs low-carbohydrate diet on 12-month weight loss in overweight adults and the association with genotype pattern or insulin secretion: the DIETFITS randomized clinical trial [J]. JAMA(2018),319: 667-679.

S**AS M, VAN ROSSUM E F C. Beter een vetarm of koolhydraatarm dieet: is dat te voorspellen? [J]. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde(2017),161:D2310.

有研究表明,最后摄入碳水化合物的进食顺序最有利于健康。请参考:SHUKAL A P, ANDONO J, TOUHAMY S H, et al. Carbohydrate last meal pattern lowers postprandial glucose and insulin excursions in type 2 diabetes [J]. BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care(2017),5:e000440.

关于饮食中食物最佳配比的研究,可以参考以下综述:LUDWIG D S, WILLETT W C, VOLEK J S, et al. Dietary fat: from foe to friend? [J].Science(2018),362: 764-770.

想了解国际上对于健康饮食的推荐,可以参考世界卫生组织的网页。

荷兰营养学中心基于以下综述制订了荷兰人膳食指南:KROMHOUT D, SPAAIJ C J, DE GOEDE J, et al. The 2015 Dutch food based dietary guidelines [J]. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition(2016),70: 869-878. 第十章中马克所接受的改变生活方式的联合干预疗法也是基于这个指南制订的。

以下研究指出,经常摄入膳食纤维可以降低患心血管疾病的风险:REYNOLDS A. Carbohydrate quality and human health: a series of systematic reviews and meta-analyses [J]. The Lancet(2019),393(10170):434-445.

第三章 脂肪激素才是关键所在

关于瘦素是如何被发现的,请参见由丹尼尔·卡斯特拉卡恩(V.Daniel Castracane)和迈克尔·汉森(Michael C. Henson)编写的《瘦素》(Leptin)一书的第一章:“肥胖小鼠与瘦素的发现”(The obese(ob /ob )mouse and the discovery of leptin)。

关于在两名儿童中发现瘦素缺乏症的信息,请参考:MONTAGUE C T,FAROOQI I S. Congenital leptin deficiency is associated with severe early-onset obesity in humans [J]. Nature(1997),387(6636):903-908.

关于用瘦素成功治疗瘦素缺乏症的事例,可参考以下综述:PAZ FILHO G, MASTRONARDI C A, LICINIO J. Leptin treatment: facts and expectations [J]. Metabolism(2015),1: 146-156.

关于在儿童中首次应用瘦素治疗瘦素缺乏症的范例,可参考:FAROOQI I S, JEBB S A, LANGMACK G, et al. Efects of recombinant leptin therapy in a child with congenital leptin deficiency [J]. New England Journal of Medicine(1999),341(12):879-884.

关于瘦素在预防减重后出现的溜溜球效应中的作用,可参考:FARR O M, G**RIELI A, MANTZOROS C S. Leptin applications in 2015: What have we learned about leptin and obesity? [J]. Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity(2015),22(5):353-359.

以下综述详细描述了瘦素在治疗肥胖和糖尿病上的潜力:DEPAOLI A M. 20 years of leptin: leptin in common obesity and associated disorders of metabolism [J]. Journal of Endocrinology(2014),223(1):T71-T81.

关于脂联素性质的详细阐述,可参考:NITRO E, SCUDIERO O,MONACO M L, et al. New insight into adiponectin role in obesity and obesity-related diseases [J]. BioMed Research International(2014),658913.

我们从下述文章中获取了高水平体操运动员的身体状况以及月经情况的相关信息:

CLAESSENS A L,MALINA R M,LEFEVRE J, et al. Growth and menarcheal status of elite female gymnasts [J]. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise(1992),24(7):755-763.

THEINTZ G E,HOWALD H, WEISS U, et al. Evidence for a reduction of growth potential in adolescent female gymnasts [J]. Journal of Pediatrics(1993),122(2):306-312.

BEUNEN G. Physical growth and maturation of female gymnasts:influence of selection bias on leg length and the duration of training on trunk length [J]. Journal of Pediatrics(1999),136(2):149-155.

关于瘦素在生育中的作用,请参考以下两篇综述:

CHEHAB F F. Leptin and reproduction: past milestones, present undertakings and future endeavors [J]. Journal of Endocrinology(2014),223(1):T37-T48.

MANFREDI-LOZANO M,ROA J,TENA-SEMPERE M. Connecting metabolism and gonadal function: novel central neuropeptide pathways involved in the metabolic control of puberty and fertility [J]. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology(2018),48: 37-49.

你想更深入地了解浪漫的亲吻素吗?请参考:SKORUPSKAITE K,GEORGE J T,ANDERSON R A. The kisspeptin-GnRH pathway in human reproductive health and disease [J]. Human Reproduction Update(2014),20(4):485-500.

第四章 脂肪过多有哪些危害

关于脂肪生命周期的详细信息,请参考以下两篇综述:

HYV?NEN M T, SPALDING K L. Maintenance of white adipose tissue in man [J]. The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology(2014),56: 123-132.

ARNER P, SPALDING K L. Fat cell turnover in humans [J]. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications(2010),396(1):101-104.

下述研究阐明了体重增加对脂肪细胞体积的影响:SALANS L B,HORTON E S, SIMS E A. Experimental obesity in man: cellular character of the adipose tissue [J]. Journal of Clinical Investigation(1971),50(5):1005-1011.

关于从 20 岁左右开始脂肪细胞数量保持恒定这一重要发现,可参见:SPALDING K L, ARNER E, WESTERMARK P O, et al. Dynamics of fat cell turnover in humans [J]. Nature(2008),453(7196):783-787.

关于性激素对脂肪分布的影响,可参考以下综述:WHITE U A,TCHOUKALOVA Y D. Sex dimorphism and depot diferences in adipose tissue function [J]. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta(2014),1842(3):377-392.

关于腹部内脏脂肪与皮下脂肪在引起代谢疾病风险方面的差异,可参考以下综述:SCHOETTL T, FISCHER I P, USSAR S. Heterogeneity of adipose tissue in development and metabolic function [J]. Journal of Experimental Biology(2018),221:jeb162958.

关于肥胖对女性生育的影响,以及减重可改善不孕不育的研究,可参见以下两篇文献:

SILVESTRIS E,DE PERGOLA G,ROSANIA R, et al. Obesity as disruptor of the female fertility [J]. Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology(2018),16(1):22.

BEST D,**ENELL A, BHATTACHARYA S. How effective are weight-loss interventions for improving fertility in women and men who are overweight or obese? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the evidence [J]. Human Reproduction Update(2017),23(6):681-705.

关于肥胖对男性生育的影响,可参考:LIU Y, DING Z. Obesity,a serious etiologic factor for male subfertility in modern society [J].Reproduction(2017),154(4):R123-R131.

罗斯·弗里希通过研究证明,高水平运动员患乳腺癌及生殖系统癌症的风险较低。想了解该研究详情,可参考:FRISCH R E, WYSHAK G, ALBRIGHT N L, et al. Former athletes have a lower lifetime occurrence of breast cancer and cancers of the reproductive system [J]. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology(1992),322: 29-39.

关于体重超重、肥胖与罹患癌症之间的关联,可参考以下两篇综述:

ALLOT E H, HURSTING S D. Obesity and cancer: mechanistic insights from transdisciplinary studies [J]. Endocrine-Related Cancer(2015),22(6):R365-R386.

BERGER N A. Obesity and cancer pathogenesis [J]. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences(2014),1311: 57-76.

第五章 什么在控制你的饥饿感和饱足感

一项令人印象深刻的研究表明,我们每天要进行超过 220 次下意识的食物选择,并且这些选择受到了周围环境的影响。想了解该研究细节,请参见:WANSINK B, SOBAL J. Mindless eating: the 200 daily food decisions we overlook [J]. Environment and Behavior(2007),39(1):106-123.

在2009 年发表于《临床儿科医学杂志》(Praktische Pediatrie)上的文章《肥胖:是否可以通过基因诊断来检测?》(Obesitas:gendiagnostiek of geen diagnostiek?)中,小儿内分泌学专家艾瑞卡·范登阿克和埃德加·范米尔(Edgar van Mil)讲述了单基因肥胖的检测方法在儿童肥胖诊断中的应用,例如凯伦(瘦素受体异常)和杰克(MC4 受体异常)的病例。

一位体重严重超重的女性被诊断为携带和杰克类似的基因突变,她写了一个非常感人的故事,叫作《作为一个胖女孩,这还不算糟:体重的重量》。参见:ALMULI T. Het gewicht van gewicht [M].Amsterdam: Nijgh & Van Ditmar, 2019.

我们对遗传性肥胖在荷兰特定儿童和成年人群体中发生的概率进行了研究,结果发表如下:KLEINENDORST L, MASSINK M P G,COOIMAN M I, et al. Genetic obesity: next-generation sequencing results of 1230 patients with obesity [J]. Journal of Medical Genetics(2018),55(9):578-586.

关于胃分泌的饥饿激素——促生长激素释放素的具体信息,可以参考:KIEWIET R M. Ghreline: van eerste natuurlijke groeihormoon secretagoog tot multifunctioneel peptide [J]. Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Klinische Chemie en Laboratoriumgeneeskunde(2007).

我们的意识是如何影响饱足感产生的速度以及促生长激素释放素分泌的呢?想要更深入地了解这项有趣的研究,请参考:CRUM A J,CORBIN W R,BROWNELL K D, et al. Mind over milkshakes: mindsets,not just nutrients, determine ghrelin response [J]. Health Psychology(2011),30(4):424-429.

促生长激素释放素的“姐妹激素”出乎意料地能对新陈代谢产生各种有利影响,想获得更详细的信息,请参考:DELHANTY P J,NEGGERS S J, VAN DER LELY A J. The ghrelin system [M]. Karger:Freiburg, 2019. 一书中名为Des-Acyl Ghrelin: A Metabolically Active Peptide的章节。

内科专家、科学家维尔纳·克鲁兹菲尔德(Werner Creutzfeldt)讲述了胃肠激素的发现史,揭示了胃肠激素也可以与脑沟通、交流。参见:CREUTZFELDT W. The(pre)history of the incretin efect [J].Regulatory Peptides(2005),128(2):87-91.

英国阿伯丁大学的研究人员带你回顾人体内源性大麻素系统,该系统可对脑和身体产生各种影响。参见:PERTWEE R G. Cannabinoid pharmacology: the first 66 years [J]. British Journal of Pharmacology(2006),147:S163-S171.

我们脑中的奖励系统是如何工作的?这一系统如何使我们过度饮食?我们如何能对它加以控制?请参考:ZIAUDDEEN H, ALONSO ALONSO M,HILL J O, et al. Obesity and the neurocognitive basis of food reward and the control of intake [J]. Advances in Nutrition(2015),6(4):474-486.

为什么有的人对碳水化合物有着极其强烈的需求?这是如何与情绪障碍和肥胖相关联的呢?请参见:VENTURA T, SANTANDER J,TORRES R, et al. Neurobiologic basis of craving for carbohydrates [J].Nutrition(2014),30(3):252-256.

“快乐激素”——5-羟色胺在成瘾以及抑制食欲方面起着重要作用,想了解它的具体功能,请参考:MüLLER C P, HOMBERG J R. The role of serotonin in drug use and addiction [J]. Behavioural Brain Research(2015),277:146-192.

关于美国市面上通过奖励系统抑制食欲并有助于减肥的药物的介绍,请参见:HIGGINS G A, ZEEB F D, FLETCHER P J. Role of impulsivity and reward in the anti-obesity actions of 5-HT2C receptor agonists [J].Journal of Psychopharmacology(2017),31(11):1403-1418.

第六章 增强新陈代谢,促进能量消耗

关于褐色脂肪的性质,以及可能影响褐色脂肪的各种药物和食物组分的有关信息,可参考以下综述:RUIZ J R, MARTINEZ-TELLEZ B, SANCHEZ-DELGADO G, et al. Role of human brown fat in obesity,metabolism and cardiovascular disease: strategies to turn up the heat [J].Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases(2018),61(2):232-245.

芭芭拉的故事以下述冬眠瘤患者的个案研究为基础:GADEA E,THIVAT E,PAULON R, et al. Hibernoma: a clinical model for exploring the role of brown adipose tissue in the regulation of body weight? [J]. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism(2014),99(1):1-6.

关于非运动活动产热的相关信息,请参见:LEVINE J A. Non exercise activity thermogenesis(NEAT):environment and biology [J].American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism(2004),286(5):E675-E685.

以多站立、走动代替久坐有哪些好处?请参见:DUVIVIER B M, SCHAPER N C, BREMERS M A, et al. Minimal intensity physical activity(standing and walking)of longer duration improves insulin action and plasma lipids more than shorter periods of moderate vigorous exercise(cycling)in sedentary subjects [J]. PLoS One(2013),8(2):e55542.

关于食物对褐色脂肪的影响,可参考:YONESHIROT, MATSUSHITA M,HIBI M, et al. Tea catechin and cafeine activate brown adipose tissue and increase cold-induced thermogenic capacity in humans [J]. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition(2017),105(4):873-881.

日本的一项研究表明,健康的年轻男性在稍冷的环境中生活 6 周可以减脂,而且每天服用辣椒素(存在于辣椒中)可以激活褐色脂肪。关于该研究,可参考:YONESHIRO T, AITA S, MATSUSHITA M,et al. Recruited brown adipose tissue as an antiobesity agent in humans [J].Journal of Clinical Investigation(2013),123(8):3404-3408.

第七章 警惕,紊乱的生物钟会诱发肥胖

关于生物钟的突破性发现使 3 位美国科学家(杰夫瑞·霍尔、迈克尔·罗斯巴希和迈克尔·杨)获得了 2017 年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖,想了解更多信息,请参见宣布诺贝尔奖获奖得主的视频。

关于睡眠不足是如何导致食欲增强、代谢减缓以及体重增加的,以及各种睡眠干预方法有何疗效,可参考以下综述:NEDELTCHEVA A V, SCHEER F A. Metabolic efects of sleep disruption, links to obesity and diabetes [J]. Current Opinion Endocrinology Diabetes Obesity(2014),21(4):293-298.

在一项有趣的研究中,英国伦敦国王学院的研究人员设法使那些睡眠时间通常较短的人睡得更久,并对延长睡眠能否改善饮食习惯进行了研究。请参见:AL KHATIB H K, HALL W L, CREEDON A, et al.Sleep extension is a feasible lifestyle intervention in free-living adults who are habitually short sleepers: a potential strategy for decreasing intake of free sugars? A randomized controlled pilot study [J]. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition(2018),107(1):43-53.

英国的一项大型研究显示,睡在未完全遮光卧室中的女性的体重比睡在黑暗卧室中的女性要重。参见:MCFADDEN E, JONES M E,SCHOEMAKER M J, et al. The relationship between obesity and exposure to light at night: cross-sectional analyses of over 100,000 women in the Breakthrough Generations Study [J]. American Journal of Epidemiology(2014),180(3):245-250.

下列综述清晰地阐述了睡眠和肥胖之间的关系——睡眠不足是如何导致体重增加的,以及肥胖和不健康的饮食又是如何反过来影响睡眠质量的:MUSCOGIURI G, BARREA L, ANNUNZIATA G, et al.Obesity and sleep disturbance: the chicken or the egg? [J]. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition(2019),59(13):2158-2165. 关于睡眠与肥胖之间的关系,还可参考:THEORELL-HAGL?W J, LINDBERG E.Sleep duration and obesity in adults: What are the connections? [J]. Current Obesity Reports(2016),5(3):333-343.

有研究表明,假如你同时患有肥胖和OSAS,那么你患心血管疾病的风险就会大大增高。详见:JEAN-LOUIS G, ZIZI F, CLARK L T, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea and cardiovascular disease: role of the metabolic syndrome and its components [J]. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine(2008),4(3):261-272.

进食的时机非常重要,在夜间进食会扰乱你的血糖代谢。详见:WITTERT G A, HEILBRONN L K, PAJCIN M, et al. Timing of food intake during simulated night shift impacts glucose metabolism: A controlled study [J]. Chronobiology International(2017),34(8):1003-1013.

特定的进食模式(如省略早餐、间歇节食),以及进食的次数和时机都会影响健康。请参考:ST-ONGE M P, ARD J, BASKIN M L,et al. Meal timing and frequency: implications for cardiovascular disease prevention a scientific statement from the american heart association[J]. Circulation(2017),135(9):e96-e121.

2011年,著名的《新英格兰医学杂志》发表了一项具有突破性的研究,该研究聚焦短期极低热量饮食对调控饥饿感和饱足感的激素所产生的短期和长期影响,并清晰地阐明了溜溜球效应(节食减重后复胖)的部分机理。参见:SUMITHRAN P, PRENDERGAST L A,DELBRIDGE E, et al. Long-term persistence of hormonal adaptations to weight loss [J]. New England Journal of Medicine(2011),365(17):15971604.

假如你想深入了解美国著名减重比赛栏目《超级减肥王》的参赛者在减重后的长期状况,可以参考:FOTHERGILL E, GUO J,HOWARD L, et al. Persistent metabolic adaptation 6 years after The Biggest Loser competition [J]. Obesity(Silver Spring )(2016),24(8):16121619.

你可以从以下文章中获取更多有关间歇节食法(节食时段与进食时段交替变化的一种饮食方法)的信息:STOCKMAN M C, OMAS D,BURKE J, et al. Intermittent fasting: Is the wait worth the weight?[J]. Current Obesity Reports(2018),7(2):172-185.

关于当下的另一种饮食趋势——限时节食法(不减少摄取的热量,但允许进食的时间段显著缩短)的详细信息,可参考:MELKANI G C,PANDA S. Time-restricted feeding for prevention and treatment of cardiometabolic disorders [J]. Journal of Physiology(2017),595(12):36913700.

美国科学家在 2015 年对健康成年人的进食模式进行了研究,发现进食模式与健康有相关性,该研究结果发表于顶尖期刊《细胞代谢》(Cell Metabolism)。参见:GILL S, PANDA S. A smartphone app reveals erraticd diurnal eating patterns in humans that can be modulated for health benefits [J]. Cell Metabolism(2015),22(5):789-798.

第八章 压力为何让我们发胖

下列参考文献阐述了压力与肥胖相关联的背后所蕴含的科学原理:

VAN ROSSUM E F. Obesity and cortisol: New perspectives on an old theme [J]. Obesity(Silver Spring )(2017),25(3):500-501.

TOMIYAMA A J. Stress and obesity [J]. Annual Reviews Psychology(2019),70:703-718.

为什么有些人更容易受到慢性压力的负面影响,从而导致体重增加,我们对此进行了阐述。详见:VAN DER VALK E S, S**AS M, VAN ROSSUM E F C. Stress and obesity: are there more susceptible individuals? [J]. Current Obesity Reports(2018),7(2):193-203.

我们采用了一种较新的方法,通过测量头发中长期积累的皮质醇含量来研究成年人的肥胖与压力激素——皮质醇之间的关系。参见:WESTER V L, STAUFENBIEL S M, VELDHORST M A, et al. Long-term cortisol levels measured in scalp hair of obese patients [J]. Obesity(Silver Spring )(2014),22(9):1956-1958.

关于我们对皮质醇与儿童肥胖的研究,可参考:NOPPE G, VAN DEN AKKER E L,DE RIJKE Y B, et al. Long-term glucocorticoid concentrations as a risk factor for childhood obesity and adverse body-fat distribution [J]. International Journal of Obesity(2016),40(10):1503-1509.

关于慢性皮质醇水平升高与患心血管疾病风险增高之间的相关性研究,可参考:MANENSCHIJN L, SCHAAP L, VAN SCHOOR N M, et al. High long-term cortisol levels, measured in scalp hair, are associated with a history of cardiovascular disease [J]. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism(2013),98(5):2078-2083.

关于过度饮酒与皮质醇水平升高之间的相关性研究,可参考:STALDER T,KIRSCHBAUM C,HEINZE K, et al. Use of hair cortisol analysis to detect hypercortisolism during active drinking phases in alcohol dependent individuals [J]. Biological Psychology(2010),85(3):357-360.

你可以从世界卫生组织网站上获取更多关于过度饮酒有害健康的信息。

第九章 还有哪些因素会导致体重增加

下列参考文献阐述了皮质类固醇与体重之间的相关性:

S**AS M, WESTER V L, STAUFENBIEL S M, et al. Systematic evaluation of corticosteroid use in obese and non-obese individuals: A multi-cohort study [J]. International Journal of Medical Sciences(2017),14(7):615-621.

S**AS M,MUKA T, WESTER V L, et al. Associations between systemic and local corticosteroid use with metabolic syndrome and body mass index [J]. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism(2017),102(10):3765-3774.

此外,2015 年的一项研究表明,含有皮质类固醇的局部用药物会对人体产生全身性的影响,可以抑制肾上腺的功能。参见:BROERSEN L H,PEREIRA A M, J?RGENSEN J O, et al. Adrenal insufficiency in corticosteroids use: systematic review and meta analysis [J]. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism(2015),100(6):2171-2180.

关于肥胖和哮喘的相关性研究,可参考下列文献:

GRUCHA?A-NIEDOSZYTKO M,MA?GORZEWICZ S,NIEDOSZYTKO M, et al. The influence of obesity on inflammation and clinical symptoms in asthma [J]. Advances Medical Sciences(2013),58(1):15-21.

VAN HUISSTEDE A, CASTRO CABEZAS M, VAN DE GEIJN G J, et al. Underdiagnosis and overdiagnosis of asthma in the morbidly obese[J]. Respiratory Medicine(2013),107(9):1356-1364.

研究表明,在同时患有哮喘和肥胖的人群中,减重有利于改善哮喘症状。参见:ULRIK C S. Asthma and obesity: is weight reduction the key to achieve asthma control? [J]. Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine(2016),22(1):69-73.

有些药物具有使体重增加的副作用,且程度不一。对此,我们进行了系统回顾。参见:VAN DER VALK E S, VAN DEN E L, S**AS M,et al. A comprehensive diagnostic approach to detect underlying causes of obesity in adults [J]. Obesity Reviews(2019),20(6):795-804.

以下研究阐述了某些抗精神病药物使体重增加的机理,以及对抗这种副作用的方法:DAYABANDARA M, HANWELLA R, RATNATUNGA S, et al. Antipsychotic-associated weight gain: management strategies and impact on treatment adherence [J]. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat(2017),13:2231-2241.

β受体阻断剂(降血压或心率的常用药)可导致体重增加。请参考:SHARMA A M. Hypothesis: beta-adrenergic receptor blockers and weight gain: A systematic analysis [J]. Hypertension(2001),37(2):250-254.

美国内分泌学会是专业的激素及内分泌研究机构,于 2015 年在主要期刊《内分泌学评论》(Endocrine Review)上发表了一篇重要的文章,阐述了环境内分泌干扰物的影响,以及肥胖和糖尿病的患病风险。详见:GORE A C, FENTON S, CHAPPELL V A, et al. EDC-2: The endocrine society’s second scientific statement on endocrine-disrupting chemicals [J]. Endocrine Review(2015),36(6):E1-E150. 美国内分泌学会提出了建议,以帮助人们尽可能避免接触环境内分泌干扰物。

假如体内的脂肪过量,就会储存更多的环境内分泌干扰物,而环境内分泌干扰物又可以导致脂肪囤积,这一恶性循环会引起许多疾病,如癌症。请见:DARBRE P D. Endocrine disruptors and obesity[J]. Current Obesity Reports(2017),6(1):18-27.

来自美国圣路易斯华盛顿大学医学院的杰夫瑞·戈登(Jefrey Gordon)团队于 2013 年在顶尖学术期刊《科学》(Science)上发表了一项具有突破性的研究,他们通过实验证明,某些特性(如肥胖或消瘦)可以通过肠道细菌从人体传播到小鼠中。参见:RIDAURA V K, FAITH J J,REY F E, et al. Gut microbiota from twins discordant for obesity modulate metabolism in mice [J]. Science(2013),341(6150):1241214.

下列参考文献很有趣,介绍了肠道细菌在肥胖中所扮演的角色,以及粪便移植作为治疗方案的前景:

KANG Y, CAI Y. Gut microbiota and obesity: implications for fecal microbiota transplantation therapy [J]. Hormones(Athens )(2017),16(3):223-234.

VRIEZE A, VAN NOOD E, HOLLEMAN F, et al. Transfer of intestinal microbiota from lean donors increases insulin sensitivity in individuals with metabolic syndrome [J]. Gastroenterology(2012),143(4):913-6.e7.

还有一些不错的综述,回顾了肠道细菌在肥胖中所起的作用。参见:CASTANER O, GODAY A, PARK Y M, et al. The gut microbiome profile in obesity: A systematic review [J]. International Journal of Endocrinology(2018),2018:4095789.

MEIJNIKMAN A S, GERDES V E, NIEUWDORP M, et al.Evaluating causality of gut microbiota in obesity and diabetes in humans[J]. Endocrine Reviews(2018),39(2):133-153.

早在 2005 年,理查德·阿特金森博士已发表了他关于腺病毒 36型与肥胖的相关性的研究。参见:ATKINSON R L, DHURANDHAR N V,ALLISON D B, et al. Human adenovirus-36 is associated with increased body weight and paradoxical reduction of serum lipids [J]. International Journal of Obesity(2005),29(3):281-286. 在 2015 年,《医学》(Medicine)期刊上发表了一篇综述,回顾了近年来关于腺病毒 36 型的研究进展以及它与肥胖的关系。参见:XU M Y, CAO B, WANG D F, et al. Human adenovirus 36 infection increased the risk of obesity: A meta-analysis update [J]. Medicine(2015),94(51):e2357.

有研究表明,婴幼儿时期过早使用抗生素可能对肠道微生物组造成负面影响,且与体重偏高具有相关性。该研究发表于主流学术期刊《自然通信》(Nature Communications)上。参见:KORPELA K, SALONEN A, VIRTA L J. et al. Intestinal microbiome is related to lifetime antibiotic use in Finnish pre-school children [J]. Nature Communication(2016),7:10410.

第十章 如何破解体重超重难题

有研究表明,每天喝含糖饮料会对学龄儿童体重造成负面影响。请参考:DE RUYTER J C, OLTHOF M R, SEIDELL J C, et al. A trial of sugar-free or sugar-sweetened beverages and body weight in children[J]. New England Journal of Medicine(2012),367(15):1397-1406.

关于《2019 年欧洲实践指南:基层医疗中成人肥胖的管理》的具体内容,请参考:DURRER SCHUTZ D, BUSETTO L, DICKER D,et al. European practical and patient-centred guidelines for adult obesity management in primary care [J]. Obesity Facts(2019),12(1):40-66.荷兰肥胖保健标准针对不同程度的体重超重或肥胖,推荐了适用的治疗方案。该保健标准于 2010 年由荷兰体重超重合伙人(PON)起草。PON是由医生和医务工作者的职业协会、荷兰医疗保险协会、荷兰GGDs社区健康服务协会以及患者协会组成的伞式组织。这些协会均参与荷兰的肥胖治疗和保健,对荷兰卫生福利及体育部有建议权。

如何诊断引起或维持体重超重的潜在因素呢?下列文献对此进行了阐述:

VAN DER VALK E S, S**AS M, BURGERHART J S, et al.Obesitas in de spreekkamer. Eerst diagnostiek en daarna effectieve behandeling(klinische les)[J]. het Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde(2017),161:D2310.

VAN DER VALK E S, VAN DEN AKKER E L T, S**AS M, et al.A comprehensive diagnostic approach to detect underlying causes of obesity in adults [J]. Obesity Reviews(2019),20(6):795-804.

有研究表明,针对饥饿激素——促生长激素释放素的疫苗可有效减缓大鼠体重增加速度。假如你想进一步了解相关信息,请参见:ZORRILLA E P, IWASAKI S, MOSS J A, et al. Vaccination against weight gain [J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences(2006),103(35):13226-13231.

第十一章 肥胖不是罪

《吃掉我》(Eet mij)是一本很有意思的荷兰语书,讲述了进食和体重超重背后的心理学。该书的作者是艾莎·腾·布鲁克(Asha ten Broeke)和罗纳德·维尔德森。艾莎·腾·布鲁克出现在本书的第十一章,她是《荷兰日报》(de Volkskrant)的专栏作家。罗纳德·维尔德森是生物学家、科学记者。

学者们对近几十年来体重超重和肥胖的人群所遭受的偏见、污名化进行了研究和回顾。参见:PUHL R, BROWNELL K D. Bias,discrimination,and obesity [J]. Obesity Research(2001),9(12):788-805.

如何应对肥胖所带来的羞耻感?你可以从下文中了解更多相关信息:ALBERGA A S, RUSSELL-MAYHEW S, VON RANSON K M, et al.Weight bias: a call to action [J]. Journal of Eating Disorder(2016),4:34.

研究表明,肥胖会使求职应聘的成功率降低。请参见:FLINT S W,?ADEK M, CODREANU S C, et al. Obesity discrimination in the recruitment process: You’re not hired! [J]. Frontiers in Psychology(2016),7:647.

研究表明,肥胖与抑郁症相关。我们对这一现象背后的生物学解释进行了深入剖析。参见:MILANESCHI Y, SIMMONS W K,VAN ROSSUM E F C, et al. Depression and obesity: evidence of shared biological mechanisms [J]. Molecular Psychiatry(2019),24(1):18-33.

以下是一篇非常不错的综述,介绍了我们的肠道是如何与脑进行沟通的:M?RKL S, WAGNER-SKACEL J, LAHOUSEN T, et al. The role of nutrition and the gut-brain axis in psychiatry: a review of the literature [J].Neuropsychobiology(2018),79(1):1-9.

关于肠道细菌和其他物质的渗漏可以通过血液循环到达脑部这一观点的详情,请参见:OBRENOVICH M E M. Leaky gut, leaky brain?[J]. Microorganisms(2018),6(4):107.

假如你想更深入地了解减重是如何改善抑郁症状的,我们非常推荐下面这篇文章:FABRICATORE A N, WADDEN T A, HIGGINBOTHAM A J, et al. Intentional weight loss and changes in symptoms of depression:a systematic review and meta-analysis [J]. International Journal of Obesity(2011),35(11):1363-1376.

你想更进一步了解减重手术作为减肥治疗方法所带来的心理影响吗?参见:JUMBE S, HAMLET C, MEYRICK J. Psychological aspects of bariatric surgery as a treatment for obesity [J]. Current Obesity Reports(2017),6(1):71-78.

减重手术是如何增大过度饮酒风险的?请参见以下综述:SPADOLA C E, WAGNER E F, DILLON F R, et al. Alcohol and drug use among postoperative bariatric patients: a systematic review of the emerging research and its implications [J]. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research(2015),39(9):1582-1601.